The Occasion for the Family Gathering Is for Cat in a Hot Tin Roof
Analysis of Tennessee Williams's Cat on a Hot Tin Roof
Ane of Williams's more famous works and his personal favorite, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1955. This three-deed play is set in the Pollitts' stately home, a Southern plantation in the fertile Mississippi Valley.
Act 1
Brick Pollitt emerges from the bathroom at the insistence of his wife, Margaret Pollitt (Maggie the Cat). With his left ankle broken, Brick hobbles around the room and dresses. He is coolly detached from his wife despite her poise and beauty. Maggie tells him that the evening's festivities will include a birthday political party in award of Brick's father, Large Daddy Pollitt. She bemoans Brick'due south brother, Gooper, and his wife, Mae, and the way they strategically display their children for Big Daddy. Maggie is disgusted by the children, the "no-neck monsters," who used her wearing apparel as a napkin. As it has go known that Big Daddy is dying of cancer, Maggie is competing with Gooper and Mae to secure the family estate for Brick.
Maggie criticizes Mae and her family, the Memphis Flynns. Maggie realizes that Brick is staring at her with cold contempt and she begs to know why. Maggie believes loneliness has changed her, and she prays for the twenty-four hour period when their spousal relationship volition exist rekindled. Maggie asks why Brick remains so handsome despite his alcoholism. She notes that he has not deteriorated equally his friend Skipper did. The mention of Skipper's name sends Brick to the bar to brand another drinkable. Maggie comments that she would surely kill herself if Brick chose not to make love to her anymore. When she realizes that her dramatic overture has not stirred him, she maliciously utters the name Skipper again. Brick fills his drink again. He drops his crutch and tries to run from Maggie'due south pronouncements of Skipper.
Brick waits to hear "the click" in his caput, the peaceful feeling he experiences when he drinks enough booze. Maggie's presence and constant nagging to join the political party distract him and prevent him from feeling the click. Brick is angered by Maggie's persistence, and just as their statement crescendos there is a knock at their door. Mae enters with an old trophy of Maggie's from her sporting days at Mississippi University. Mae orders that this exist placed loftier enough to be out of the reach of her children, to which Maggie replies that if they were well bred they would not be touching things that did non belong to them. Mae retorts that Maggie knows nothing of children because she has none of her ain, a vicious truth. Maggie nastily asks Mae why she has given her children "dogs' names": Trixie, Buster, Sonny, and so on.
Mae storms out of the bedroom, and Brick begs Maggie not to be then catty. Maggie claims that she cannot control her temper because Brick has turned her into a cat on a hot tin roof. Brick suggests that she jump off the roof and have another lover. Maggie shows her longing affection for him, merely he refuses her again. She runs to the door and locks information technology, turns down the shade, and crawls closer to Brick. She grabs him, and he violently shoves her abroad as his disgust for her increases.
Big Mama enters the sleeping room. Brick runs into the bathroom to hide from his mother, and Maggie finishes getting dressed. Big Mama excitedly announces that Doc Baugh has merely informed her that Big Daddy does not have cancer later on all. She asks Brick to dress and bring together the political party; otherwise, the party will join him in the bedroom (since he has a broken talocrural joint).
When Big Mama exits, Maggie resumes her talk about their sex life, which declined abruptly. Maggie says that she maintains her figure for Brick because she knows he will return to her. She brags that other men devour her with their looks. She revels in the cognition that she is still gorgeous.
Brick acknowledges that his father really is terminally ill and his mother is oblivious to this truth. Gooper and Mae thought it best to withhold the truth from Large Daddy and Big Mama in an try to put the estate in order.
Maggie returns to the topic of Skipper. Brick tries to avoid the conversation and calls out on the gallery for the party to join him upstairs. Maggie will not desist. She is determined to get to the truth about Brick and Skipper. Brick threatens to hit her with his crutch.
Angrily, Brick demands that Maggie stop trying to taint the memory of Skipper. Maggie relentlessly tells the story of two higher football heroes who organized their own team, the Dixie Stars, in order to keep playing afterwards college. Brick was injured midseason, and Skipper also did not have a successful flavor. Brick runs around the room trying to catch Maggie for her vulgar insinuations regarding his human relationship with Skipper. Maggie confesses that Skipper had sex with her to disprove the allegation that he was gay. Maggie had made this allegation the night that Skipper plunged himself into a fatal drug-induced alcoholic coma.
At this admission, Brick falls to the flooring with grief. One of the children runs into the room shooting a toy gun. When the child asks why he is on the flooring, Brick responds that he tried to kill Aunt Maggie. Maggie yells at the fiddling girl, and she answers smartly that Maggie is only jealous considering she cannot have babies as her mommy tin. Maggie confides to Brick that she visited a fertility dr. who said there was no reason why they should not be able to have children. Repulsed, Brick asks how she plans to have a child with a man who cannot stand up her.
Paul Newman and Elizabeth Taylor in the 1958 adaptation of Cat on a Hot Tin can Roof/IMDB
Human action 2
The partygoers conductor Big Daddy into Brick and Maggie'due south quarters. The Reverend Tooker converses with Gooper about memorial stained glass windows donated past certain parishioners and widowers. Mae talks virtually the children's vaccinations with Dr. Baugh, forcing Maggie to blast the radio. Big Daddy demands that the radio exist turned off, but when Big Mama enters shouting for Brick, he changes his order then every bit to drown out the noise.
Big Mama begs Brick to end drinking and bring together the family unit. Big Mama tries to be close to her husband, but she is met with a common cold stare of irritation. The servants and Gooper'due south children enter with Large Daddy'south birthday cake, singing and dancing in a rehearsed deed. Big Mama cries and Big Daddy quarrels with her considering she is crying. Big Daddy asks whether Brick was drunk and jumping hurdles at the track field last nighttime. Big Mama shows Big Daddy his cake in hopes of changing the subject. Infuriated by Brick's hare-brained actions and Big Mama's need to comprehend them, Big Daddy accuses her of never knowing anything in her whole life. Big Mama objects to being treated this style in front end of the family, but he continues to charge her of usurping his position. Everyone gradually leaves the room.
Large Daddy talks about being a self-fabricated man, one of the richest plantation owners in the South. He orders Big Mama to accident out the candles and she refuses. As she leaves the room, she repeats that she always loved him. Big Daddy comments, "Wouldn't information technology be funny if that was true."
Big Daddy calls Brick dorsum into the room. Maggie enters with a begrudging Brick and she kisses him on the lips as she exits to the gallery. Brick wipes off her osculation and Big Daddy asks why he would object to existence kissed by such a beautiful woman. Brick informs him that Maggie and Mae are fighting over the plantation. Large Daddy responds that he intends to live another good 20 years.
They discover Mae eavesdropping on their conversation. Large Daddy threatens to motion them out of the room side by side door because he is tired of getting reports about what goes on between Brick and Maggie every dark. Brick is amused that his debacle of a marriage is so important to anybody. When questioned about his refusal to slumber with Maggie, Brick returns to the liquor cabinet. Big Daddy asks Brick to cease drinking.
Big Daddy reminisces about his travels with Big Mama to Europe and the useless things they bought. He comments that one cannot buy back life or any of the memories that have built it. Brick grows restless with these ramblings. Brick says he is not interested in talking to his male parent because it volition turn out equally all of their talks do: talking in circles and leading to nowhere in item. He but wants to hear the quiet click and rest in peace.
Big Daddy is compelled to close the doors and confide to Brick that he was truly frightened about having cancer. He declares that he is going to live life to the fullest now that he knows he is good for you. Large Daddy confesses that he could never tolerate Big Mama, and he at present thinks he volition pursue women as a hobby. Big Mama crosses through the room to reply the phone. Brick is so ashamed by his begetter's disgust for his mother that he exits for fresh air.
Big Mama begs her hubby to take back all the awful things he said to her. He responds by throwing her out of the room and locking the door. Brick aimlessly hobbles around the room. Brick says that he is waiting for the click in his brain. Big Daddy vows to cure Brick's alcoholism.
Brick knows his father'southward death is imminent and cannot face his male parent's talk of a second run a risk at life. He tries to get out just Big Daddy violently thrusts him dorsum into the room by the sleeve of his shirt. They begin to fight and Big Mama rushes in to resolve the state of affairs. Big Daddy orders her out and grabs Brick's crutch so that he is immobile. Big Daddy volition not give it dorsum to him until he tin can answer why he drinks. Brick cannot answer him.
Brick confesses that the "mendacity" of life is plaguing him. Large Daddy explains that mendacity is only a part of life for everyone with false institutions such every bit church, government, and marriage. Brick suggests that the only true companion is alcohol. Large Daddy deduces that Brick began drinking when Skipper died. Brick's cool detachment immediately changes to defensiveness.
Brick asks his father whether he believed his human relationship with Skipper was more than but a friendship. The chat escalates as Brick rants about the insinuations about his relationship with Skipper. Big Daddy doubles over with pain.
Brick describes his friendship with Skipper and their closeness equally comrades, not every bit lovers. Brick regains his composure and speaks bluntly to Large Daddy. He admits that Maggie threatened to go out him if he did not marry her and and then he did, out of obligation rather than beloved. She tagged forth with Brick and the football team all over the land. When Brick was hospitalized following his injury, Skipper and Maggie continued on the road. Brick witnessed the closeness of their human relationship from the confines of his hospital bed. Maggie defendant Skipper of being in dearest with her husband, which provoked Skipper to sleep with Maggie to show his heterosexuality. When he could non physically consummate the act with her, he was convinced that he was gay. This realization was besides much for him to handle, and led to his breakdown and subsequent expiry.
Big Daddy suspects that there are missing pieces of the story. Brick confesses that later on that same dark Skipper called him at the hospital and professed his love for him. Skipper told Brick about the situation with Maggie, and Brick hung up on him. He never spoke to Skipper again.
Large Daddy concludes that Brick never resolved the issue with Skipper. Brick questions whether anyone always completely faces the truth, and he challenges Big Daddy about his ain reality. Brick declares that there will be no more than birthdays for his begetter. Big Daddy becomes enraged and vows to bury his drunk son before giving the plantation to him. Brick exits as Big Daddy witnesses his birthday fireworks in the evening sky.
Brick returns and tenderly explains to Big Daddy that he told him the truth about his affliction considering no one else had the courage to face up him. Large Daddy exits, condemning his family as liars.
Deed iii
Mae and the Reverend Tooker search for Big Daddy, who has retired to bed. Gooper gathers the family to talk over important matters while Maggie searches for Big Daddy. Big Mama basks in the news that her married man is healthy, except for a nervous condition. She calls for Brick, and Gooper chop-chop informs her that he is exterior drinking. When Maggie exits to fetch Brick, Mae charges that Brick revealed the truth about Large Daddy'southward wellness to him. Gooper tries to delicately inform Big Mama about Big Daddy'south condition.
Big Mama expresses concern for Brick's depression and his pass up afterward Skipper's death. Brick overhears her as he enters and moves toward the liquor cabinet, silencing the family members in the room. Big Mama sobs and Maggie tries to improve the situation by forcing Brick to sit beside Large Mama; however, Brick leaves the room. Gooper and Dr. Baugh tell Big Mama that Big Daddy is terminally sick with cancer. Hysterical, Large Mama calls for Brick. Gooper goes to her, only she pushes him abroad and says, "You're non my real blood." Mae is astounded by her mother-in-law's hurtful remark, and she rushes over to plead with Big Mama. The Reverend Tooker quickly escapes this heated moment of family crisis.
Big Mama accuses Gooper of never liking Big Daddy. She accuses him of beingness happy that his begetter is dying so that he can finally gain control of the plantation and family assets. Maggie joins in the conversation and is met with insults from Mae, who accuses Brick of being an alcoholic. Maggie denies the charges, explaining that his current inebriation is a result of the hard news. Big Mama calls for Brick so that she can hash out his taking over the plantation. Astounded by the thought, Gooper apace instructs Mae to get his briefcase, insisting on treatment business organisation contracts he has readied for this occasion.
Mae criticizes Brick's lifestyle. She claims he is notwithstanding living in the glory days of his high schoolhouse football career. Maggie defends her husband once once more, and Gooper rages toward her with his fists clenched. Big Mama sweeps Maggie to her side. Maggie tells Gooper that they plan to leave the plantation as soon as Big Daddy dies. Maggie then apologizes to Big Mama. Mae accuses Maggie of beingness arid, and she divulges that Brick refuses to have sex with his own wife. Gooper shouts at Mae for the plummeting conversation and demands fairness and rights to the plantation. When Brick enters the room, Gooper and Mae brand fun of his petty local football stardom. Gooper produces a contract, urging Large Mama to sign it. Maggie contests the certificate while Brick sings and pours another drinkable. Big Mama demands that Gooper stop talking as if Large Daddy were already dead. She rejects the contract, demands it be put abroad, and coddles Brick. Big Mama asks him to have a child with Maggie before Big Daddy dies. Mae scoffs at this remark which prompts Maggie to denote that she is pregnant. Large Mama is elated because she believes a child will sober Brick. Big Mama rushes out to tell Large Daddy the proficient news. Gooper makes a drinkable for himself while Mae accuses Maggie of lying.
A thunderous moan of pain overcomes the firm. Gooper and Mae run to Big Daddy's bedchamber. Maggie scolds Brick for not bankroll her story. Brick says that it has non happened nevertheless, the peaceful click in his listen. He asks for a pillow from the bed in training for his slumber on the couch, and the peaceful click occurs with Brick's next drink. Maggie tells her husband that she used to think he was the stronger in their relationship, but now that he drinks, she has go the stronger. Maggie asks him to bed, and she explains that it is her time to conceive. Brick asks how that is possible with a man in love with his liquor. Maggie counters that she has locked the liquor away until he satisfies her. Brick grabs his crutch and attempts to get up, but Maggie steals the crutch away from him.
Big Mama rushes into the bedroom still euphoric with the news of the pregnancy. Large Daddy's groans are heard, prompting Large Mama to rush out again. Maggie states that the lie is going to become the truth. She proposes that she and Brick get boozer subsequently they have conceived. She switches off the lamp and declares her love for him. Brick comments that it would be funny if her declaration were true.
Elizabeth Taylor in True cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958)/IMDB
COMMENTARY
There are several versions of the concluding moments of Cat on a Hot Can Roof. The catastrophe outlined higher up is from Williams'due south showtime published version of the play(1955). The version that was created for the premiere production on Broadway (under the direction of Elia Kazan) in 1954 differs from this version in the manipulation of the final lines. Kazan believed the play needed a less harsh ending. In the Kazan version, after Maggie suggests she and Brick conceive a child and get drunk together, Brick states, "I admire you, Maggie." He and so turns out the light, and she likens his "weak" status to "gold you permit become of." She says she is determined to requite him back his life. This version of the play ends with Maggie posing the post-obit question: "And zippo'due south more determined than a cat on a tin roof—is at that place? Is there, Infant?" This version of the script lessens Brick's tragedy, as he chooses Maggie and their spousal relationship rather than merely surrendering to her.
A third and final version of the script, created for the 1974 Broadway revival of Cat on a Hot Tin can Roof, starring Elizabeth Ashley, is a combination of the two endings. In this version, Big Daddy reappears to tell a joke. Although the severity of Brick's tragic fate (tragic because he does not want Maggie) is not completely restored in this version, it is, however, less neatly packaged than the 1950s happy ending. Brick all the same comments on his admiration for Maggie, but when Maggie declares her love for him, Brick responds, "Wouldn't it exist funny if that were true?"
The nuances that are created in the slight manipulation of the terminal lines dramatically affect the overall weight of the play. The original version's touch on lies in Brick's tragic turn in his forfeiting say-so to Maggie the Cat, an ingenious shift that occurs in the final seconds of the lengthy play; the second and third versions of the script shift the play'south focus to Maggie. She remains in control of the plot, and the introduction of such sudden and complete tenderness between these mismatched characters seems heavy-handed and inconsistent. In his preface or note of explanation about the changes Kazan wanted in the script, Williams stated, "The moral paralysis of Brick was a root thing in his tragedy, and to prove a dramatic progression would obscure the meaning of that tragedy in him . . . because I don't believe that a conversation, however revelatory, ever effects and so firsthand a change in the centre or fifty-fifty conduct of a person in Brick'south state of spiritual disrepair." Williams, however, conceded and made the modify because he wanted Kazan to direct the play. Williams admired Kazan and in the same preface he defends the director: "No living playwright, that I tin can think of, hasn't something valuable to learn well-nigh his ain work from a managing director so keenly perceptive as Elia Kazan."
In this play, Williams pushes the boundaries of subjects taboo at this time, such every bit homosexuality (particularly taboo in the South), decay, disease and death, and depression stemming from the mendacity of life. Interestingly, the play is based on the short story "Iii Players of a Summer Game," in which the character Brick Pollitt loves the company of women.
Although he is profane, violent, and gluttonous, Big Daddy is interestingly and surprisingly tolerant. He questions the source of Brick's alcoholism, implying that Brick's relationship with Skipper was more than platonic. Big Daddy explains that his plantation was previously owned by two men, and Brick and Maggie'due south bedchamber was in fact the sleeping room of the men who lovingly shared their lives together. In his phase directions to the play, Williams writes, "The room must evoke some ghosts; it is gently and poetically haunted by a human relationship that must have involved a tenderness which was uncommon." Whereas Big Daddy is tolerant about this relationship, Brick rages, rails, and cannot have the idea. Big Daddy validates Brick's loss. He as well addresses his self-possessed tolerance: "Ever, anyway, lived with too much infinite effectually me to be infected past ideas of other people. Ane thing you tin grow on a large place more important than cotton!—is tolerance!—I grown it!" At the heart of Large Daddy'southward unexpected human activity of understanding is an enlightened view of himself in relation to the world effectually him: his rebellious approach to living without societal pressures to conform and his uncommon belief that tolerance for human beings is more important than whatever cash crop. His tolerance is widely disregarded and underrated in traditional scholarship.
The core of Brick's pain stems from the phone telephone call in which Skipper revealed to Brick his love and desire for him. Brick'due south guilt arises from his insensitive response to Skipper and Skipper's subsequent suicide. Big Daddy responds to this story past saying, "This cloy with mendacity is disgust with yourself. You!—dug the grave of your friend and kicked him in it!—earlier you'd face up the truth with him!" Brick's merely defense when cornered in such a profound way is to counter with the set on that Big Daddy is dying of cancer. His rejection of this personal truth runs so deeply, his internalized homophobia is so astringent, that in this moment of rare understanding, Brick lashes out, severing the unprecedented connectedness with his male parent.
Big Daddy'south dysfunctional and loathsome wedlock with Big Mama is mirrored in Brick and Maggie's relationship. This is another tragic element in the play, as their union is destined to become more miserable and unbearable. Maggie and Large Mama are like creatures in that they both search for the satisfaction of knowing they are admired and loved past their husbands. Brick's love for Maggie has been usurped by another: the memory of his beloved Skipper, whom Maggie exposed (Maggie "tested" his sexuality when she lured him to bed and he could not perform). Brick blames Maggie for Skipper's expiry. Every bit Nancy Tischler comments, "Brick, knowing how Maggie forced this intolerable self-realization on Skipper, sees her as his enemy, while Maggie feels that this, like everything she does, was a testimony of her across-the-board beloved for Brick" (Tischler, 201). What is left of this marriage is a rudimentary ready of assigned roles that Maggie must forcefulness upon Brick. Information technology is revealed in the terminal moments of the play that she indeed proves victorious. Brick gives up and sleeps with the enemy.
Maggie is a strong woman, determined to get a wealthy plantation possessor. She does love Brick, merely for her it is incommunicable to carve up the thought of Brick from his social position and potential power. Although Brick is the athlete, no one understands competition and winning more than the powerful Maggie. In the original version of the script, it is her strength and her bold the willful characteristics of Big Daddy that finally reward her. Her trump carte du jour is her pregnancy, and upon declaring herself with child, Maggie wins the plantation, conquering Gooper and Mae and their host of "no-neck" children, as well every bit achieving intimacy with her handsome Brick.
CHARACTERS
Baugh, Dr.
He is the Pollitt family doctor, who delivers the news that Large Daddy is dying of cancer. He relays this awful news at Large Daddy'southward birthday political party. Dr. Baugh stands in the shadows during heated family arguments.
Big Daddy
A prominent Southern plantation possessor and tycoon, Big Daddy is profane, gluttonous, and brutally honest. Large Daddy is terminally sick but is told past his family that his test results testify that he is healthy. In a heated argument with his alcoholic son, Brick Pollitt, regarding Brick'south implied sexual relationship with his friend Skipper, Brick lashes out and tells his male parent that he is actually dying of cancer. Like Dominate Finley of Sweetness Bird of Youth, Large Daddy is a powerful figure in his customs. Talk of his impending expiry ushers in a whirlwind of change in which his son, Gooper Pollitt, intends to turn a profit.Big Daddy likewise shares Boss Finely's boisterous point of view and outlook on life. He is arguably Williams's most famous male person character.
Big Mama
The wife of Large Daddy. She and Big Daddy take been married nearly 40 years. Despite their years together, Big Mama still searches for ways to know she is loved past Big Daddy. Large Mama is the matriarch of a large family, including Brick and Margaret Pollitt, Gooper and Mae Pollitt, and a host of grandchildren. She is fun-loving and colorful and openly expresses her sincere love for her family. When Big Daddy is diagnosed with cancer, Large Mama refuses to believe the news because she cannot fathom a life without him. She is faced with the decision well-nigh which son will run their plantation.
Pollitt, Brick
He is the son of Large Daddy and Big Mama and husband of Margaret "Maggie the Cat" Pollitt. Brick is a jaded soul whose life is spent in an alcohol-induced haze of memories about Skipper, a friend with whom he shared a mutual attraction. When Skipper revealed his love for Brick, Brick did non acknowledge information technology. Skipper and so committed suicide. Brick has never forgiven himself for not being honest with his friend. Brick blames Maggie for revealing the sexual tension that existed between the two men. Maggie is very unhappy because Brick refuses to be intimate with her. Brick eventually gives in to his wife's continual demands. As the play ends, Brick forfeits his own personal desires to satisfy Maggie. He succumbs to the mendacity of life.
Pollitt, Gooper
He is married to Mae Pollitt. Gooper competes with his parents' favorite son, Brick Pollitt. This tension escalates every bit information technology is revealed that their father, Large Daddy, is dying of cancer andwill go out behind an empire of wealth and the largest plantation in the state of Mississippi. Gooper and Mae have produced several children to please Big Daddy and Big Mama, but their obvious opportunism is scorned past the other members of the family.
Pollitt, Mae
She is the wife of Gooper Pollitt. Mae rails against her brother-in-police and his wife, Brick and Margaret Pollitt. She competes with them by having children to be the heirs of the Pollitt wealth and plantation. Mae is ruthless about securing the rights to the estate, and when it becomes known that Big Daddy is dying of cancer, she and Gooper set up camp at their abode, equipped with a contract in training for the concluding moment.
Pollitt, Margaret (Maggie the Cat)
She is the wife of Brick Pollitt. Every bit the title of the play suggests, Maggie is the catalyst for the plot of the play. She married the handsome Brick because she values his social standing and his money and because she loves him. Having grown up in poverty, Maggie has no doubts about the ability of wealth, and so she openly competes with her brother-in-law, Gooper Pollitt, and his wife, Mae Pollitt, for the best position in the family unit. Brick is an alcoholic, and Maggie makes excuses for his behavior and lack of participation in family events, as well as covering upwardly the severity of his condition. When it is revealed that Big Daddy is dying of cancer, Maggie deceives the family by announcing that she is significant, in a ploy to inherit the family unit's plantation. Despite Brick's lack of interest in the inheritance or his wife, he decides to play the game with her. Maggie proves triumphant.
Reverend Tooker
He is the Pollitt family'due south minister. The Reverend Tooker attends a birthday party for Big Daddy, who donates pregnant amounts of money to his church. When the news breaks that Large Daddy is dying of cancer, the Reverend Tooker says a quick good-goodbye instead of consoling the family. His involvement in the family seems fueled past financial gain.
Farther READING
Flower, Harold, ed. Tennessee Williams. Modern Disquisitional Views series. New York: Chelsea Business firm, 1987.
Griffith, Alice. Understanding Tennessee Williams. Columbia: University of South Carolina Printing, 1995.
Kolin, Philip, ed. Tennessee Williams: A Guide to Research and Performance. Westport: Greenwood Printing, 1998.
Leverich, Lyle. Tom: The Unknown Tennessee Williams. New York: Crown Publishers, 1995.
Rader, Dotson. Tennessee: Cry of the Heart. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1985.
Rondane, Matthew C., ed. The Cambridge Companion to Tennessee Williams. Cambridge, England: Cambridge Academy Press, 1997.
Spoto, Donald. The Kindness of Strangers: The Life of Tennessee Williams. Boston: Little, Brown, 1985.
Tischler, Nancy. Tennessee Williams: Rebellious Puritan. New York: The Citadel Press, 1965.
Williams, Dakin, and Shepherd Mead. Tennessee Williams: An Intimate Biography. New York: Arbor House, 1983.Windham, Donald. Equally if . . . Verona, Italia, 1985.
Yacowar, Maurice. Tennessee Williams and Flick. New York: Frederick Ungar, 1977.
Categories: American Literature, Drama Criticism, Literary Criticism, Literary Theory, Literature, Theatre Studies
Source: https://literariness.org/2020/10/13/analysis-of-tennessee-williamss-cat-on-a-hot-tin-roof/
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